What is the Plantar Plate?
The plantar plate is a thin structure directly under each metatarsal joint of the foot that connects the metatarsal to the distal phalanx. These structures help support and stabilise the forefoot while protecting the toe joints when under stress or during movement.
The plantar plate is subjected to significant repetitive tension from ground reaction forces transferred through the forefoot during movement, resulting in acute injuries or stress trauma over time. Although injuries can occur to the plantar plates of each of the lesser toes, this condition most commonly affects the plantar plate of the second. Hammer toes, floating toes, dislocations, and toe separations are also typical associated conditions of plantar plate tears.
Symptoms of Plantar Plate Ruptures
Plantar plate ruptures occur when stress upon the thin structure exceeds the threshold and causes a tear, causing symptoms such as:
- Sharp pain and/or swelling under the ball of the foot extending towards the toes
- Pain that is most commonly found at the base of the 2nd and 3rd toes and intensifies when barefoot or tip-toeing
In more severe cases, a visible deformity in the toes may develop, giving the appearance of splayed apart toes, known as a ‘Daylight Sign’. This is a clinical indication of a plantar plate rupture.
Causes
Although the thin plantar plate is very strong, overuse can cause the structure to weaken and eventually rupture. Individuals are at increased risk of rupturing the plantar plate if they:
- Transfer excessive forces through the forefoot
- Overpronate
- Have hypermobile feet
- Have high arches
- Have a long 2nd toe (Morton’s toe)
This condition is common and affects individuals of all age groups and genders. It can often be seen in individuals who have made sudden increases in physical activity; changes such as beginning a fitness program or training for a marathon can cause symptoms to present and increases the risks of a partial or complete rupture.
Treatment Options
As with most medical conditions, the earlier the diagnosis, the greater the chances of accelerated healing and a full recovery with minimal treatment.
A comprehensive history and diagnostic assessment are required before proceeding with treatment. Ultrasound imaging is used to investigate the extent of the tear and discern any underlying or secondary conditions.
The first aim of treatment is to focus on the reduction of symptoms, while the second aim is to stimulate healing and begin rehabilitation of the affected structures.
Depending on the patient’s assessment, treatment modalities may include ESWT shockwave therapy and Super inductive System therapy for the reduction of pain and healing stimulation. Custom foot orthotics will also be prescribed along with footwear advice to rectify the underlying causes and prevent any further injuries.
Leaving a plantar plate injury untreated can result in digit dislocation and associated osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis of the affected joint due to abnormal pressure. Therefore, it is important that conditions receive a prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent them from deteriorating.
Although each case varies depending on the severity of the condition and the individual’s response to treatment, a multi-pronged approach targeting symptom reduction and rehabilitation often offers the best therapeutic outcome.
